Internal Trade Essay Example

Internal Trade Essay :: Internal Trade:: Meaning Trade : Trade refers to the process of buying and selling of goods and services with the objective of earning profit. Internal Trade : Buying and selling of goods and services within the geographical boundaries of a country is called internal trade. In other words trade takes place between the people of the same country then it is termed as internal trade. Features of Internal Trade 1. Buying and selling of goods and services takes place within a country 2. Payments are made and received in the home currency only. 3. There is no or less legal formalities are required. 4. Local modes of transport can be used for transfer of goods. 5. No custom duty or import duty is levied on such trade. Internal trade can be classified into two broad categories. 1. Wholesale trade 2. Retail trade 1. Wholesale TradeBuying and selling of goods and services in large quantities for the purpose of resale or intermediate use is referred to as wholesale trade. Wholesalers acts as an important link between manufacturers and retailers. They purchase in bulk and sell in small lots to retailers.Features of Wholesalers 1. Wholesaler acts as a link between manufacturers and retailer. 2. Wholesaler deals with large quantities of goods. 3. Wholesaler is specialized in few or one line of product. 4. Wholesaler purchases goods in bulk quantities and sells in small quantities to retailers. 5. Wholesaler usually maintains large stock of goods for steady supply. 6. Wholesalers also sometime perform promotional activities to push sells. 7. Profit margin of wholesalers is generally low. 8. They also extend credit facility to retailers. Services of Wholesaler to Manufacturers 1. Economy of Scales: Wholesalers enable manufacturers to undertake large scale production as they purchase goods in large quantities from them. 2. Risk Sharing: Wholesaler deals in goods We will write a custom essay sample on Internal Trade specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Internal Trade specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Internal Trade specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Mental Illness and Capital Punishment essays

Mental Illness and Capital Punishment essays Are all delinquents created equal? Should the state punish, and even in some rare cases sentence an individual to death? Indeed there are many levels of criminal activity that land offenders in jail, with a percentage of those criminals committing their crimes under the force of mental illness. These prisoners, while deserving of severe punishment, often do not have full control of their ability. These orphans of society are often compelled by an emotional or mental imbalance that provokes them to act savagely toward their fellow human beings. Many prisoners that are in jail have been convicted of crimes far beyond their control. Although some blame must be taken, many suffer from acute mental disorders. Those who are running evaluations on the prisoners at the time of punishment often misdiagnose schizophrenia. Many psychologists often see it as temporary insanity. Many of these individuals would benefit more from treatment than from punishment. Psychiatric help is in order for these repeat assault offenders, not a lifetime behind bars where the taxpayers money is not put to good use. By placing the criminals into long-term therapy, there is at least a small chance of rehabilitation that would not be present in a full security prison. With new tests that see if the criminal is really mentally challenged, government officials are beginning to change their perspective on the issue. Many have propositioned that the punishment should fit the mental capacity of the offender. Oftentimes, many criminals are given sentences that far surpass the crime that they have committed. By analyzing the crime and deciding on a proper course of action, most criminals could receive lighter sentences and more psychological help. Thus benefiting those who are mentally challenged. In reality most many federal prisons lack the facilities, and resources to help rehabilitate the individual who is stricken with this disease. ...

Why parents should not argue in cheldren's presence Essay

Why parents should not argue in cheldren's presence - Essay Example Young children usually regard their parents as role models and try to imitate all they do and put them into their daily activities. Parents posses this magical ability to forget that their kids are within earshot of what they are saying when arguing. Or they assume their children are too young to understand the context of the argument while ignoring to realize the tone of their conversation is noticeable by even a one year old child. The greatest danger is, kids do as we do and most often not as we say, though we wish the opposite. So, what kind of children are we going to raise when we traditionally argue and fight before them? Most of the time, whatever children learn from their families, sometimes they carry them through their lives. Hence, family unity is a very essential component in a child’s growth and future character (Rimm, 2008). For any child to develop into a morally person, one is expected to have learnt good morals from his or her parents (Oliver, 2011). Children regard their parents as their mentors and try to copy whatever things they see them doing. A tender mind of a child once exposed to the sight of parents quarrelling may start imitating what their parents do to other children. Such children tend to develop quarreling attitudes when confronted with tricky situations and on worst case scenario, involve themselves in fights. According to some research conducted on children who were once exposed to seeing their parent’s quarrelling, the research found out that the most of the children developed quarrelling tendencies later in their lives as men or women (Rimm, 2008). Children exposed to the scene of their parents quarrelling sometime become traumatized psychologically. Possessing tender minds, children are the most affected in case of a quarrel. A child in his or her micro-environment usually believes life is a happy place, and by seeing such a scene, become terrified of life’s outcome (Vissing, 2007). A child also believe d that perfection in his or her micro-world is brought by his or her parents, therefore by seeing them quarreling, deprives the child of his or her happiness. Parent’s who quarrel in front of their children should not do so since their subject their children to psychological torture and deprive them of the happiness children should have at such tender age. Quarrelling before children in some countries is punishable since it deprives children their rights. One of the worst side effects of living in a hostile environment is exposure to stress. Stress should not be really a part in a child’s life. Some of healthy stresses such as the thrill to adventure, challenging school work, or normal changes of life are good. However, the negative stress brought about by living in unhappy household full of conflicts is terrible for a child mental and physical health. Parents should also not argue in front of their children since they might cause emotional instability. Sometimes, chil dren become emotionally disturbed when they see their parents quarrelling and become withdrawn. Children are usually free with their parents and believe their parents are their judges in whatever happens to them, but on seeing they quarrel, send fear into their minds (Rimm, 2008). A child, who was once free with his or her parents before a quarrel, may start withdrawing or keeping to himself or herself after the quarrel since he or she distrusts them. Trust in any family is important for its survival. A child learns to be distrustful after such events since the person he or she used to trust, engages in quarrelling. When children become threatened emotionally, they exhibit increased negativity in life. Some of them develop symptoms of anxiety, depression, hostility,

Ten Ways to Create Shareholder Value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ten Ways to Create Shareholder Value - Essay Example Throughout his work, Rappaport emphasizes the need to capitalize on long-term growth strategies at the expense of realizing short-term benchmarks. The writer asserts that those corporations involved in responding to short-term strategies will eventually fail because of dynamics within modern commercial environments. Managers running such companies are obscured about the future prospects of an organization. Inasmuch as they concentrate on maximizing the momentary strengths of a company, they fail to take a glance at emerging opportunities and imminent threats. Since consumer preferences are bound to change and competition intensifies, then short-sighted company executives will have limited choices when trouble arrives. In order to enhance the aspect of practicability, Rappaport postulated 10 principles suitable for creating shareholders value in any given investment. Upon thorough appraisal, all these ten principles are based on ways in which companies can be made to realize increased future cash flows. In order to ensure competence, CEO’s must be thoroughly conversant with aspects of stock markets and forces influencing the value of securities traded within those markets. Thorough conversance on such microeconomic aspects will enable managers to become value-conscious and develop value-maximizing behavior in their professional undertakings. In most of the principles proposed by Rappaport, the main theme remains that managers should be encouraged by stakeholders, especially shareholders, in implementing long-term growth strategies. Encouragement can be achieved through reward mechanisms for both top and middle-level managers who demonstrate the strong commitment towards maximizing the value of the company.

How Venture Capitalists Evaluate Potential Venture Opportunities Essay

How Venture Capitalists Evaluate Potential Venture Opportunities - Essay Example The product is analyzed to determine if the product can produce a competitive advantage. The technology is examined to ascertain if it is a new item that can demand market share or is the technology and improvement over existing products. Although all four of the venture capitalists analyze the team, or specifically the people involved in the company, they differ on which aspect of the team they place a greater emphasis. Some venture capitalists place more emphasis on the founder, or entrepreneur, of the product or technology and other place more importance on the management team. The other item that venture capitalists differ is the stage of product development. Some venture capitalists prefer a new product or technology and some prefer to look at products that are currently inexistence. Venture capitalists are mostly focused on the tactical aspects of the company with which they want to invest. They examine the potential revenue stream of the product versus the strategy to achieve the market share. The venture capitalists analyze the tactical aspects of the market and

Usage and Benefit of a PEST analysis

Usage and Benefit of a PEST analysis PEST is general analysis as external macro environment that will affect to the firm and the company. In the analysis, the macro environment is identifying of the opportunities and threats will affect the outcomes and organizational plan and means and the situation due to the control of political, economic, social and technological forces. With regards to this, can say that is the proper term to these factors. However, changes in  the macroeconomic environment  can  create the new markets of chances and the articles are sometimes   to  construct  a more affirmative analysis of  the term PEST. Macro environment is that many country-specific needs and interests of the implementation for all the countries. In the following are the examples of the factors will considered in the PEST analysis. For examples, political factors, economic factors, social factors and technology factors. Usage and Benefit of PEST The decision making of organization in the management will affect by many factors in macro environment. Examples of macro environment change as employment law changes, economic recession, tax changes, government policy changes, international trade regulation, changes in exchange rates, changes in trade policy, income distribution and demographic changes as population, gender or composition. To analysis those factors as PEST model, as below: Political factor is due to the degree of intervention economy as government policy. Futhermore, also due to the government need to provide what kind of the good services or product to consumer and the subsidizing firms is belong to what level of it and the priorities which in the term of business support known as important role. Political factor can affect many business area such as dictates the legal regulation as government impact the business with the taxation policy such as the price of goods and services will be rises when there is no tax on that or the company profile will direct be taxable, the health of the international as government must pass and force the laws to regarding the label and packaging of the protection of consumer, the base installation of the economy as the rail system. For examples, in the San Francisco Coffee House, the company have an agreement known as Franchise Agreement. The Franchise Agreement is specified as form of Licence of Agreement. This agreement is the factor of protect the operation of San Francisco Coffee House and the rights parties of the company. Particularly, this agreement is expert skilled of obtained to franchising and the intellectual of property right. This agreement is identify the intellectual of the franchisors property and other proprietary is going to protect by this licence. This agreement is also focus on the relationship between the parties of each other in a positive way and a expert constructive manner to them. Beside that, this agreement will also emphasize the need and requirement of the operation San Francisco Coffee House. The benefits to have an agreement are due to failure to protect their own property or business format and the most important is their profits as well is could take an legal action of that. By the way, once have abundant protections of the agreement, the company can benefit from the licence of their intellectual property as well and it is more easier to protect their property when it is registered and the most important can prove their ownership. Economic factor is a major impact of a firms behaviour and organization of outcomes. This is regarding to economy recession, economic growth from overall of the market as the demand of the products rise when the higher national economic growth, monetary policy as interest rates as the higher interest rates it will cause more to borrow it will deeper the investment, foreign exchanges rates as the rises of foreign currency will impact the exporting goods more difficult, tax changes and inflation as it will make the wages demand of the employee higher and the cost of selling price rises too. Economic factor is due to the purchasing power of consumer. Such as the economic is known as the mood of consumer confidence as well, as the economy downturn the consumer do not have the confidence to purchase any goods or services, it will impact the market and the enterprise organization. During a recession, many firms are slow down to react to the falling demand levels will drop. Futhermore, a fi rm making similar product may utilize a price cutting policy. This will demand to a response to all the firm otherwise they may lose the market share. For examples, San Francisco Coffee House which in Croatian, in the market of Croatian, a great variety of international product and services is increasing. In the market San Francisco Coffee House, the salary grows up obviously, therefore the consumer of demand will increased for higher quality of the world brand names as well. This is due to the in Croatian is widely not available and the economic growth. In Croatian, the young consumer is target of international brand while the older people is still looking for domestic brands. As analysis, the purchasing habits also changeable geographically. The San Francisco Coffee House is most owned by foreign country as recent years those acquisitions occurred to San Francisco Coffee House. Although they would be entrepreneurs of the capitalization options while characteristic of domestic mark et in Croatian is bankruptcy for those smaller entrepreneurs. This reason is due to they are struggled to collect the trade debt. The traditional arrangement problematic is made by the international ownership of local banks even though this kind of problem is common of domestic market. The benefit of economic factor in San Francisco Coffee House is a decision related to the choice, another good means a good few. Income and wealth is not infinite, because only so much time. Trade off for individuals, business and society. In addition, economic assumes that people act rationally and try to make action to get their own compared to  the costs associated with  the greatest  interest. Change  is often  rational  considerations,  rather than  making  the average marginal effect. Political factor is

APN Interviews: Caring, Competency, and Compassion Essay

The healthcare system is ever changing and the need for advanced practice nurses will be in demand. I had an opportunity to interview two advanced practice nurses. Jolene and I met at her home in St. Charles, IL Jolene graduated from the University of Colorado at Denver in 2005 with a master’s degree in nursing and was granted the title: Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP). She got married and accepted a position as a Primary Care Provider at VNA Health Care in Aurora, Ill. VNA Health Care is a federally qualified health center serving the uninsured. In the year 2000, Jolene’s mother was diagnosed with breast cancer. As a loving daughter, she supported her mother through a cancer free journey today. From this experience, Jolene came in contact with all kinds of nurses and because she loves people of all ages, she became inspired to be a family nurse practitioner. I met Linda at her office at Women First in Aurora, Il. In 1974, Linda graduated from Northern  Illinois Unive rsity with her BSN in nursing. Linda worked many years as a nurse in woman health, especially in the OB Department at Provena Mercy Center in Aurora, Il. In 1980, after her daughter entered grade school, Linda decided she wanted pursue a master’s degree in nursing. In 1983 she graduated from the University of Illinois with a master’s degree in nursing and earned the title: Certified Nurse Midwife (CNM). Linda has worked in many in woman’s health practices with physicians and in 1997 established Woman First, Inc., which specializes in midwifery care and woman’s health from puberty to menopause. Linda entered nursing because with her mother being an RN she was exposed to nursing growing up. When she was working as a labor and delivery nurse at Provena Mercy Center and personally experienced midwifery care with her daughter’s birth, this inspired Linda to become a certified nurse midwife Jolene and Linda’s typical day in the clinic are similar because they see patients. In family practice, Jolene will see 40 patients a day, ranging from school physicals, to immunizations, to managing uncontrolled diabetic patients. At Woman First, their practice is different because of OB care. Along with providing routine health care to women, CNMs take an on-call schedule at the hospital to give labor support and help mothers deliver their babies. They also make hospital rounds with the practice’s inpatients and participate in committee meetings for woman health. Caring and Compassion ring through the practices of these two APNs. At the VNA Health Center, Jolene is happ y with her practice and the support she receives from the VNA family. She feels if she can educate diabetic patients, manage their care and listen to them, evidence from her practice shows the patients are more compliant. Jolene practices with in her role as a FNP meaning she takes a holistic approach: (mind, body, and spirit). Over 20 years Linda has pioneered midwifery care in the Aurora area. She was one of the first CNMs to deliver babies in the hospital setting using labor support and delivery of her patients. The hospital has supported midwifery are for more than 20 years. Linda loves being a CNM. She feels very fortunate to practice and give comprehensive healthcare to women and to empower them to make fully informed choices in their health care. Evidence has shown a decrease of cesarean sections and increases of healthy birth outcomes at Woman First. The APNs sit for certification exam based on knowledge and the need to practice safely in NP specialty area.  Jolene obtained certification from the American Nurses Credentialing Service (ANCS), a national certifying body. She received the title of Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP). Linda became certified through the American College of Nurse Midwives Certification Council (ACNMCC), and granted the title of Certified Nurse Midwife (CNM). Recertification for the FNP is every 5 years and for the CNM is every 8 years. Jolene and Linda have full prescriptive authority and may prescribe schedule II-V but require some degree of physician involvement. The medication schedule II-V involves controlled substances and non- controlled substances. Each practitioner has a DEA and NPI number. The DEA registration is required to prescribe controlled substances and NPI number is required on all non controlled substance prescriptions. Linda explained having full prescriptive authority gives her the freedom to practice midwifery care. Pregnant patients have the option to choose natural childbirth, a birth with some medication, or even epidural anesthesia. In order for APN’s to practice in certain situations in Illinois APNs need collaborative agreements. Jolene commented that she has a supervisory collaborative agreement with a family practice physician at the VNA health center.It is a legal document between the physician and FNP stating the relationship and similar unique practice skills of each individual. Linda has had a collaborative agreement with the same ob./gyn physician for the past 20 years. They have built a close professional and personal relationship to give woman excellent health care. The purpose of this agreem ent is having specific guides for CNM care, protocols and standing orders including prescriptive authority. Both women described their credentialing and privilege process within the VNA health center and at Proverna Mercy Center. Jolene went through an interview process with the human resource department and the medical director of the health center. She supplied them with her application, licensure, education, and documentation of experience and clinical competency. The process was different for Linda because clinical privileges at Provena Mercy Center involve a detailed processing. Credentialing is the first process; same as Jolene the credential and competency documents are supplied  through the HR department. The difference in Linda’s process, she received a recommendation from her sponsored physician and extensively interview with the medical review board. The result of the interview and information supplied is used to make a decision to grant privileges Both Jolene and Linda had a 90-day period of time focused on professional practice under their collaborative physicians. With ever-changing health care in APN practices active membership and participation is needed in professional’s organizations. Jolene expressed she is not a member of the American College of Nurse Practitioners (ACNP) because of personal financial problems. Linda is a member of the American College of Nurse-Midwives (ACNM). The example Linda gave was the ACNM is moving toward integrating certified midwives (CMs) with certified nurse midwives (CNMs). She is very interest in the legislation on this issue. Along that discussion I asked about furthering ones education to Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP). Jolene commented in the future she would like to pursue her DNP along with her becoming a nurse midwife. The DNP is necessary because the APN scope of practice will widen and more education is needed. Linda received her DNP in 2012 at the University of Illinois. Linda took the clinician expert track in the DNP program because, later in her career, she may want to teach in the clin ical setting. Jolene and Linda are both passionate about their practices—and proud of their contributions to patient recovery. Jolene feels she has helped the underserved and enjoys the variety of disease management. She had a Hispanic man with uncontrolled diabetes. She expressed that patients with chronic diseases tend to have a fatalistic attitude. Jolene, through persistence, convinced him to seek nutritional consults and diabetic education, which caused the man to commit to be compliant and have healthy lifestyle. With Jolene’s help, the man realized he was going to die if he did not take care of himself. Linda contribution to midwifery and woman care is many years of delivering babies, not all deliveries are happy. Some babies are stillborn or babies are born premature, and some with undiagnosed congenital anomalies. Part of  Linda’s spiritual belief is that all babies are gifts from God and all life is precious. An example she related to me was about a Hispanic patient screaming in the labor room. The woman already received some medication for pain. The nurses were getting frustrated at this patient because of the constant yelling. This patient was not a typical midwife patient. Linda was on call when this woman came into the hospital through the emergency room with no prenatal care. Linda came to see the woman and sat down at the bedside and held her hand gently and stroked it her hand. The woman never cried out, Linda did labor support and delivered her baby. After the baby was born, the woman told Linda in broken English that when she touched her the fear lifted from her . It was a pleasure to interview these 2 caring professional women from different APN career paths. Learning about their inspiration entering nursing, sharing day to day details, and the emotion expressed in their compassion for each area of practice. Gaining knowledge of the educational and credentialing process to insure competency in practice and patient safety. Lastly, hearing the personal accounts of their contributions and rewards for giving exceptional patient care.

Sordaria Fimicola Crossings Linkage Analysis And Frequency Biology Essay

AbstractionThe intent of this probe is to find the frequence of meiotic divisions analyzed from intercrossed crossings collected from different strains of the fungus Sordaria fimicola. The experiment was conducted to show intercrossed crossings with MI and MII forms of ascospores within the asci. Over the class of seven yearss, the sample of Sordaria was incubated and fused under research lab conditions. In the outer countries of the blocks of agar, hyphae growing from the mutant sunburn strain ( t-g+ ) and wild-type black strain ( t+g+ ) was seeable through the â€Å" X-shaped † and outer rims of the Petri dish. By placing the sums of non-hybrid and intercrossed MI and MII asci, the observation of ascospores within the asci displayed the one possible form of MI, and the four possible forms of MII. The first portion of the laboratory experiment formed a hypothesis foretelling that 8 ascospores would ensue from two phases of Meiosis and one phase of Mitosis. After ciphering the frequence of traversing over, the map distance of the cistron to the kinetochore in the sunburn colored cistron observed was 32 map units, significantly different from the projected void hypothesis and expected 26 map units.IntroductionMany research probes utilize the common fungus Sordaria fimicola as a primary and dependable theoretical account being for exposing genetic sciences due to its house construction and life rhythm. Maping the distance between the tan cistron ( t-g+ ) and the centromere requires careful readying of a amalgamate sample of Sordaria already incorporating intercrossed and non intercrossed agreem ents in the ascus. By mensurating the sums of intercrossed MI ( non-crossover ) asci and MII ( crossing over ) asci, and ciphering the frequence of crossing over, the per centum of Asci may besides be calculated from the rate of crossing overs throughout the experiment. With an apprehension of frequence of crossing over, biological political orientations such as version, mutant, and recombination are expressed to the full within the experiment. The void hypothesis provinces that there will non be a considerable difference between the expected 26 map units and the ascertained map distance from the gathered category informations ( Helms, Kosinski, Cummings, 350 ) . Corporate attempt from each bench to cipher the right sum of asci assigned will surely impact the frequence of computation and rejection or credence of the void hypothesis. Biological development closely relates to the procedure of Sordaria crossing overs. Mendel ‘s Law of Independent Assortment is straight validated through the life rhythm of the fungus. As a member of Ascomycota, Sordaria fimicola patterns â€Å" rigorous sexual reproduction † , and provides the easiest visual image of miosis I, II, and mitotic division found in the ascus ( Volk ) . Some features that display the relaxation of observation prevarication in the Sordaria fimicola construction. Elongated nature of the ascus prevents the imbrication of ascospores. Therefore, carefully ruptured perithecia are justly lined up harmonizing to the production of miosis of sunburn and black spores: doing it comparatively easier to execute with more efficiency in numbering MI and MII forms. With its phenotype about tantamount to its genotype, due to the absence of another dominant allelomorph, the accurate physical traits are examined straight from the familial make-up of Sordaria ( H elms, Kosinski, Cummings, 334 ) . During intercrossed crossing overs in Prophase I, a four forms four haploid karyon, each of which so form two monoploid karyon, taking to a sum of eight ascospores in a individual ascus. Generally, Sordaria is a common fungus for genetic sciences research because of assorted grounds centered on the relaxation in the presentation of Meiosis, observation of construction, and/or behaviour of its life rhythm. Growth of the Sordaria fungus is a important factor and dependent variable carried out throughout the survey. The Ascomycota fungus merely grows under the conditions of break uping flora, doing it available for foods to be absorbed and increase hyphae growing and extension ( â€Å" Meiosis and Recombination in Sordaria Fimicola † ) . The consequences of this survey could lend to a broader cognition of mutant, biodiversity, and segregation. Further applications towards look intoing meiotic and mitotic crossing overs and map distances may shortly suggest new readings of Mendel ‘s Torahs.Materials and MethodsDuring hebdomad one of the experiment, wild -type black ( + ) and mutant sunburn ( T ) civilizations of Sordaria fimicola were obtained and while utilizing sterile technique, placed in a unfertile Petri dish divided into four subdivisions labeled for the two cistron colourss. After a metal spatula was disinfected into 95 % ethyl alcohol, it was heated utilizing a Bunsen burner and cooled for 10 to 15 seconds. While carefully raising the palpebra of the Petri dish somewhat to forestall taint, a block of agar was removed and transferred faced down for mycelium linkage and traversing agar. After re-flaming the spatula and reiterating proper sterile technique, the procedure was repeated with wild type ( + ) black strain and two mutation ( T ) sunburn strains positioned on the Markss of the Petri dish bespeaking the labelled asset ( + ) mark. After all necessary blocks of agar have been placed in the proper subdivisions of the Petri dish, the home bases were incubated in 22 to 24A °C temperature in the dark for 7 yearss. During hebdomad two, a home base of Sordaria fimicola incorporating the merger of black and tan strains were obtained for the analysis of loanblends and non loanblends within the 8 produced ascospores. Using a toothpick, the surface of the home base along the â€Å" X-shaped country † was scraped gently to roll up a sample of perithecia. A slide of perithecia was prepared by dropping H2O on a slide the collected perithecia, and so secured with a coverslip. Before puting the slide under a 10x Objective microscope, the slide was foremost gently pressured with a pencil eraser or tantamount force per unit area arrow tearing the perithecia without destructing the construction of the ascus. Using the microscope, slides were examined to turn up loanblend and non intercrossed asci. Class information on Numberss of MI, MII, Total Asci, per centum of crossing over, and frequence were calculated. A Chi -Square Test was performed since necessary. ( Helms, Kosinski, Cummings 336 -350 ) .Co nsequencesBench DataBench # of MI Asci 4+4 # of MII Asci 2+2+2+2 2+4+2 Entire ( MI+ MII ) % Asci Showing Crossover Frequency/2 ( Map Units ) A 8 12 20 60 % 30 Bacillus 5 5 10 50 % 25 C 13 14 27 52 % 26 Calciferol 9 11 20 55 % 27.5 Tocopherol 7 13 20 65 % 32.5 F 49 110 159 69 % 34.6 Gram 8 12 20 60 % 30Class Data ( sums )# of MI Asci 4+4 # of MII Asci 2+2+2+2 2+4+2 Entire MI +MII % of Asci Showing Crossover Frequency /2 ( Map Units )9917727664 %32I†¡A? = I? ( Observed – Expected ) A?__________________ i? I†¡A? = 16.291Expected P & lt ; 0.001, reject void hypothesis because 26 a†° 32 Degree of freedom ( d?’ ) = 1DiscussionBased on the single bench consequences, the figure of entire MI and MII asci counted depended on the figure of asci assigned per individual. For illustration, since there were merely two bench members in Bench B and each bench member in the category were assigned to happen and number 5 intercrossed crossing overs each, accordingly, there was a sum of 10 MI and MII asci for Bench B, shown on the tabular array. Harmonizing to the Biology Lab manual, 26 map units was the published map distance of the sunburn spore cistron from the kinetochore ( Helms 350 ) . The degree of frequence is closely related to how â€Å" slackly † or â€Å" tightly † linked cistrons are on the chromosome. For this experiment, the divergences between the frequences of the benches separately does non look drastic, although the consequences from Bench F shows a rebuff over computation of entire asci counted, hence ensuing with the highest frequence degree of 34.6, manner over the expected 26 map units. Analyzing the category informations as a whole, with 276 entire MI and MII Asci counted, the per centum ( % ) of Asci demoing crossing over was 64 % , giving a frequence of 32 map units. In order to warrant if there is a important difference between the 32 map units observed and the 26 map units expected, we perform a Chi -Square computation. With I†¡A? bing 16.291, my decision is that the category information demonstrates a much higher frequence than expected. The grade of freedom ( d?’ ) for the experiment was 1, from n-1, with 2 properties MI and MII. Since the chance value ( P ) was greater than ( & gt ; ) 0.05, we rejected the void hypothesis and accepted the alternate hypothesis asseverating that our ascertained frequence of 32 map units is significantly different from the expected 26 map units provided by published consequences. Possible Beginnings of mistake can be closely examined from the bench informations consequences. Besides an over computation of MI and MII asci, mentioned earlier that produced inconsistent figures, another beginning of misreckoning may hold come from counting/including intercrossed crossing overs that had a 3-1-2 or 2-3-1 unnatural agreement. Many times pupils were obligated to reconstitute a new slide of perithecia because their slide either did non hold adequate loanblends, or they ruptured the vulnerable perithecia falsely, turn outing really clip devouring. Overall, the conducted lab was precise in ciphering the frequence. Sordaria fimicola probes have multiple intents and applications. If conducted right, the fungus demonstrates an accurate agreement of spores ensuing from the meiotic and mitotic divisions. In a really similar research lab experiment, Meiosis and Recombination in Sordaria Fimicola, the same attacks of the two labs shared common processs including: traversing a wild type and mutant type cistron, turning the hyphae in decomposing flora, and ciphering the familial map distances. Calculating the figure of map units will be consistent throughout most Sordaria fimicola surveies because the frequence of traversing over is ever divided by 2 ( because frequence of recombination is precisely.5 of frequence crossed over ) proved in most probes. The relaxation of turning agar on Petri dishes and traversing a wild type and mutant cistron additions recombination of familial stuff, taking to additions in the scope of genotypes, paving a manner towards future additions in biological development.Menti onsHelms, Doris R. , Carl W. Helms, Robert J. Kosinski, and John R. Cummings. Biology in the Laboratory Third Edition: Biol 1161 & A ; Biol 1162: Intoduction to Biological Sciences Laboratory University of Houston. Third. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1998. 334-352. Print. â€Å" Meiosis and Recombination in Sordaria Fimicola. † n. pag. Web. 8 Mar 2010. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lehigh.edu/~mrk5/bios116 % 20- % 20sordaria.pdf & gt ; . Volk, Tom. â€Å" Sordaria Fimicola, a fungus used in genetic sciences. † n. pag. Web. 6 Mar 2010. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/mar2007.html & gt ; .

Proposal for a Animation Dissertation Essays

Proposal for a Animation Dissertation Essays Proposal for a Animation Dissertation Essay Proposal for a Animation Dissertation Essay Three initial ideas for dissertation. 1. Analogue film and its imprint on the digital era. This thesis for a dissertation would have set about to analyse the relationship between analogue and digital filmmaking and the differences in these practices since the rise of the latter’s popularity and usability. The paper would have evaluated digital filmmaking practices and the new range of techniques that modern technology has brought about, giving reference to the rise of importance in editing since the development of red-one and the response to this of various filmmakers, Lars Von Trier etc. New aesthetics would have also been explored, looking at films such as Inland Empire (Lynch, 2006) and Trash Humpers (Kornine, 2009) and the ways in which contemporary films utilise imperfections of the digital medium to create new aesthetics in opposition to that of the cultured visuals of Hollywood cinematics. The essay would also have devoted a chapter to Marshall McLuhan’s theories of the postmodern effect of globalisation through the Internet and how new media has changed the face of film and the way practitioners can operate within visual culture. . Auteurism – career momentum that outlasts the diminishment of practitioner’s talents. This dissertation would have explored the effect on a director that being branded an auteur can have. The paper would have formed a discussion on how being branded an auteur early in a filmmakers career can end up inadvertently damaging their product. The dissertation would have utilised case studies on directors such as Michel Gondry, Wes Anderson and M. Night Shyamalan to form the basis for an argument on the view that the directors films are so highly praised for aspects of cinematography and narrative that, in later projects, revert to conforming to what they believe audiences expect of them and begin to display a distinct impression of ‘style over substance’. It would go on to suggest, backed up by aforementioned case studies, that directors can have the tendency to become lost within their own visuals and thematic traits and loose sight of what got them branded as n auteur in the first instance. This idea was formed through watching M. Night Shyamalan in chronological order and forming an opinion that he has utilised the ‘twist’ ending to such an extent that it no longer shocks an audience and creates the effect that garnered him so much critical acclaim after the release of The Sixth Sense (1999). Stemming from this realisation the paper would study other auteur branded director’s films and form ed an opinion on whether the tag of an auteur can damage a practitioners brand. . Hasta la vista†¦ movie – the effect of ‘geek culture’ on the modern day movie experience This paper would have studied the effect of geek culture on the modern day viewing experience when anticipating and watching an upcoming film. The paper would have drawn on statements made by Marshall McLuhan about the rise in usability of the internet and new media and how this has affected the way in which modern day audiences participate in the movie going experience. The dissertation would have utilised examples such as the modern trailer, blogs, the film website, critics reviews and events such as film and comic book conventions to introduce the thesis that curiosity and commentary on films through these mediums destroy the feeling of ambiguity experienced by cinema goers who previously could enter a film not knowing a thing about the film they were about to watch, and how this is an era that now lies well within the past. It would analyse the modern day climate in which a person can read a magazine and scour the Internet for 30 minutes and have already found out the main events, listened to the soundtrack and know every stylistic trait of a film before viewing it. The paper would have presented this view but also attempted to present an unbiased argument by stating that it is because of this ‘geek culture’ and its positive promotion on the Internet that many modern day films are produced and received so successfully. As reference for this argument a case study would be conducted into the promotion of film through viral videos, and a further case study would be conducted into the forthcoming film Tron: Legacy (2010) and how the internet may have facilitated its production. Word Count: 701 Abstract This study addresses the viability of auteurism in the contemporary moving image industries and the significance of this in relation to whether or not an animator can be considered a genuine auteur within the wider context of general artistic practice. The purpose is to provide an up to date and comprehensive, analytical framing of auteur theory and enhance the arguments laid down by critics, thinkers and theorists on both the psychoanalysis concerned with the consideration of the ‘original’ self in a postmodern society and whether the collaborative, creative nature of the animation industry lends itself to the term auteur. The dissertation will provide a social, historical and theoretical study of a number of discourses concerned with the animation industry, examining distinguishable personalities within the medium and formulating a thesis on arguments limiting auteur theory to the status of â€Å"high art† whilst questioning the genealogical construction of understanding surrounding the bourgeois construct of authorship. The paper sets about to provide an unbiased argument on the authentic nature of auteurism within contemporary perceptions of animated cinema, it attempts to present two sides to arguments that concern the author and audiences of a ‘text’ and their role within a process of cognitive perception. It will instigate discussion on aspects of auteurism by presenting case studies on Pixar and they ways in which the corporation operates in contrast to non-western animators such as Hayao Miyazaki and The Brothers Quay. The central argument is concentrated on an animator’s ability to experiment and diversify, create new perspectives on the interrelations between the highbrow and the popular, aesthetics and ideology. Word Count: 263 Methodologies Report This paper is a theoretical and historical study of the animation industry, how it has grown and blossomed from the advent of Joseph Plateau’s Phenakistoscope in 1832 and the early animated films of Reynaud And Melies in the late 1800’s, through to the modern day industry dominated by the market conditioning animation studios such a Pixar and Disney. Alongside this contextual background the relativity of auteur theory will be discussed in relation to its possible existence in a contemporary business that competes against contemporaries often seen to exist on a plane artistically above that of the mainstream animation industry. This question of authorship within the animation practice has been widely disputed and contended by a range of commentators throughout its short history and this study will serve to provide a conclusive framing of the topic. The first problem with thinking about animation and its broad stable of directors as a base for authorship can be traced back to its association with ‘high art’ and the origin of the word auteur in conjunction with media studies, Cahiers du Cinema. During the 1950’s, a period in which French film enjoyed widespread artistic acclaim, this influential film journal, written by, among others, Jean Luc Goddard, Francois Truffaut and Jacques Rivette, attempted to emphasise the role which a filmmaker assumes in the direction of their film and the significant way in which they acquired a distinguishable signature style from production to production. This became further associated with terms such as camera-stylo or metteur en scene. The Cahiers du Cinema insisted that if a director was to become recognised as displaying the traits of an auteur he must be recognised as contributing a signatory licence across a series of films, that clearly defined both aesthetic and thematic trends and offered a conclusive view of the elementary principles of an ‘art form’. Problems arose with the theories concerning auterist film practice in the late 1960’s almost a decade after the Cahiers had coined the phrase during the French renaissance. The collaborative and procedure orientated nature of making a film was called into question and â€Å"became subordinate to the critical parameters that determined film as a directors medium and as the significant voice of the film† (Wells, 2002 p. 72). Notable screenwriters such as Nicholas Kazan and Ernest Lehman have voiced their discontent with the notion of the director as the singular contributor to the stylistic and thematic contents of a film. Supporting this, since the late 60’s, few film historians have onoured the notion of a director as a singular contributing factor within a film and note other practitioners – the screenwriter, cinematographer and producer – to having mounted a substantial challenge to the directors claim to the romantic concept of the author. It is obviously true that the animation director’s influence can have a large effect upon the films artistic direction but it is interesting to consider whether or not they alone hold the pen or camera-stylo, as it were. Inevitably because of the range of opinions that exist within the subject of auteur theory especially considering the spectator and the sociological connotations that are implied by the author and audience existing alongside the text and inhabiting it (Barthes, 1982) it is hard to provide a definitive account of authorship in animation practise and the discussion of this theory remains challenging within media studies. The addition of thinking about the animation director as an auteur further complicates the debate of authorship. It can be said that in one frame of mind the animation industry perfectly echoes that of filmmaking practice in relation to production process and artistic conditioning implied through this range of processes. On the other, it further complicates the argument concerning the ability of the filmmaker to work within an arguably even larger creative environment or completely alone. It has been argued (Wells, 2002 p. 73-74) that this allows animation to be seen as one of the most auteurist of art forms and that’s its methods of production, especially when considered to be at its most collaborative, insist upon the strict intervention of a singular voice that acts as an authorial presence. Frustratingly few animation directors have been praised as auteurs within the medium, with their identities often becoming swallowed up by corporate image, in the case of animation houses such as Pixar and Disney, being debased with the appeal of consigning it simply to a petty form of narrative or, again, falling victim to the acceptance of the mutually reliant process of production. Connected to this is the concept that animation has been, and will always be, produced for a predominantly immature audience and that auteur theory cannot be applied to a film practice that concerns itself with providing articles for such a demographic. This has become a tired argument as there a huge variety of ways in which a director can be described to be an auteur. Drawing arguments from a wide variety of sources and assisted by specific case studies it is this dissertations aim to provide a vocabulary for how the animation auteur can be addressed. It is this papers intention to, utilising a variety of modes and methods, signal the opinions of scholars that have campaigned for the existence of a recognisable auteur within the media industries and then go on to transplant these theories into that of the modern day animation industry. The essay will touch on contemporary titans of the animation world such as Disney and Pixar whilst also giving special consideration for the foundations that have been laid by the historical forbearers in crafting a profitable industry in which today’s practitioners of mainstream animation operate. Alongside the mainstream, consideration will be given to the independent or ‘experimental’ animator, working outside the confines of an industry that, it has been suggested, limits they way in which a director can remain in control of the artistic and thematic outputs of their film. Special consideration will be given to the eastern European animators such as Jan Svankmajer, The Brothers Quay and Yuiry Norstein and the ways in which we can regard them as auteurs through the methods of production in which they practice their ‘art’. It will also analyse how the work of Hayao Miyazaki is differentiated from that of its western counterparts not only through its visual and thematic styles but also through the sociological boundaries in which it is released. Thought will be given to a society, and the pschoanalysis that accompanies it, in which audiences flock to the cinemas to see the newest releases from a highly recognised and respected animation house, but also, a director that is considered to be a genuine auteur and one of the artistic powerhouses of contemporary Asian cinema. Following this, my final chapter will concern itself with the major discourses in animation today. It will utilise a case study instigating investigation into the way in which the modern animation houses conduct their modes of production and whether or not this can be seen as adding to or detracting from the auteur model laid down by Cahiers du Cinema. The theoretical background for this paper will cover many areas of film history and criticism and point to key areas in which the auteur theory has come under contention, drawing on key sources it will analyse their relevance within the contemporary animation industry and provide current case studies of animation auteurs and production houses to provide a coherent context for the theories that it attains to underpin. The dissertation will cover well-known critics ranging from Cahiers du Cinema to modern day articles from film journals such as Sight Sound and The Online Animation Journal. The writings of these authors will be used to give context for some of the statements that are made concerning auteur theory and to assist in cultural references to animated movies and cinematic movements from the last 130 years. The paper will also reference the work of cultural theorists such as Roland Barthes and Michel Foucault, whose work has been invaluable in the affirmation of what constitutes a genuine author and the ways in which we can view them in a modern day society. The dissertation aims to provide a spread of criticism from a wide range of historical periods during the 20th century, and, as the essay is concerned with the shift within the understanding of an auteur and its place in the industry of today, it was considered to be important to include opinions from more than the contemporary to demonstrate the shift that has occurred in our understanding of the director as an author. Alongside a wide range of scholarly sources directly concerned with film criticism that have been implemented the essay attempts to utilise areas of psychoanalysis and cognitive deconstructions to attain some idea of how sociological boundaries have been built up concerning the idea of the individual self, especially situated within a creative industry and within the confines of a post modern society. The study borrows and reconstitutes ideas and theories from such well-known thinkers as Sigmund Freud, Jacques Derrida and Richard Harland. Although not directly connected with the world of cinema the ideas put forth by these thinkers have greatly influenced the way in which proportions of society think of the ‘unified self’ and the case for ‘original thought’. It was important to consider dialogue provided by theorists working outside of the filmic world as it has allowed the paper to gain a more conclusive view of aspects that can affect auteur theory more concerned with the workings of an audiences conscious thought, rather than that of cinematography and narrative alone. During the course of this essay the proposed theories will be analysed through a variety of method and, as mentioned, the sources come from a wide range of authors to provide many different opinions on auteur theory. These include; cultural theorists, directors, film critics and psychologists. In addition to the wide spread of authors that have been used the material has been drawn from a variety of qualitative and quantitative ources that comprise of scholarly books, newspaper articles, film journals, blogs, online critics circles, websites providing information on box office receipts, films and other visual resources. These methods have been undertaken to avoid the time consuming necessity of providing a source of self-produced data such as interviews or focus groups conducted with individual interviewees and focus groups. The data provided through this wide range of sources should compensate for a lack of self produced data and give a clear indication of the criticism and ideas that exist across a wide range of society. The main critical ideas that are analysed and enforced within this essay is an affirmative opinion that auteur theory is alive and well within the modern day film industry and that this also translates through into the contemporary animation industry. The essay sets about to deconstruct misconceptions concerning the negative reception that auteur theory receives from both cinematic and cultural theorists, and whilst the focus of the essay is very much on the promotion of the auteur director and the analysis of the cultural surroundings in which he operates the paper is careful to provide a balanced view of the topic by framing the question with both positive and negative responses. In summary, the main critical ideas to be analysed will be animation aesthetic and message as well as the existence of the auteur within the film analysing both his, or her, impact on the messages, narrative and aesthetic of the their work from film to film. It reviews the sociological structures that we are surrounded with and brought up through that allow, or disallow us, to consider the director as a true author, taking into consideration industry, modes of production, aesthetics, messages, fluency, consistency and cultural impact and finally the shift in style of animation throughout the years and how it should be considered an equally important and valuable cultural artefact as that of the live action cinema. Word Count: 1980

The Truth About Online Plagiarism Checkers

The Truth About Online Plagiarism Checkers The Goal We decided to study three important questions: Are online tools safe? Are user privacy, data protection, intellectual property, and licensing of the content concerned? Does the free option hide any unexpected features? Is such software as reliable and helpful as advertised? How the Websites Have Been Selected First of all, we googled such keywords as plagiarism detection, plagiarism test, free plagiarism tools, plagiarism checkers, duplicate text search, plagiarism software, plagiarism scanner, etc. After that, we checked available reviews of online plagiarism services and added them to the list. We tested selected tools using free option, without registration, and removed services that didnt work. Finally, we had a list of 32 websites. How We Tested the Websites For each of the websites, we checked such sections as Disclaimers, Terms of Service, FAQ, Support Forums, Privacy Policy, and Warnings. We searched for information on licensing, use of submitted content, data protection, service location and governing laws, and liability limitations. We also compared the information on country location available on the website and information from the WHOIS database. We even visited professional forums and social media to confirm some data on the location of the service. Results According to results of our research, 25% of online plagiarism checkers save submitted content. 28% of such websites claim that they dont save the content, and for 44% its impossible to determine whether or not they save the content. 13% of websites admit that they use the submitted content for their own purposes (either commercial or non-commercial). For 54%, its impossible to determine whether they use the content or not. 31% of websites claim that they dont use the saved content. 34% of the websites are located in countries with proper laws regarding intellectual theft and copyright (USA, Germany, Australia, Hong-Kong, UK, Cyprus). 25% of the services are located in countries with weak legal protection (Ukraine, Pakistan, Russia). For 41% of the websites, we were unable to determine the location. Final Thoughts Many students, bloggers, teachers, and writers use online plagiarism services every day. According to the results of our research, the use of such services sometimes is very risky, because the submitted content can be unprotected against copyright violations. Most of the free online services dont provide users with clear information on what they do with the submitted content, and how they use it. Some services publish the submitted content as their own and use it in any way they want. However, such services want a stream of fresh content for a reason. They dont have many sources to determine whether or not a certain text is original. Thus, some complicated services use the submitted content to improve the effectiveness of their work. At the same time, such a use of the content creates an opportunity to steal the content. The Privacy Policies and the Terms of Use may be changed anytime, so users cannot rely on claims of such websites. The submitted content may be used for so-called content spinning software, which uses the original content to create many paraphrased copies of texts on the same topic. We can conclude that writers and students who use online plagiarism checkers risk giving their content to the content spinning software. We suggest not using online plagiarism checking websites. You can copy and paste sentences from your text into a search box of any search engine, and it will work just like plagiarism checkers, or even better. Do Online Plagiarism Detectors Work Honestly? You may have heard that there is nothing new under the sun. However, almost all colleges, universities, and MBA schools want their students to write an original content that will have nothing in common with works written before. Plagiarism isnt a new thing – even Shakespeare borrowed almost all his ideas from other sources, but the internet has raised plagiarism to a completely new level. Professors dont like when students steal their works from the internet. Given the large class sizes and fast pace of work, teachers dont have much time to consider each student individually, trying to figure out whether he or she have plagiarized the work or not. Plagiarism checkers are a perfect solution in such conditions; they allow teachers to check many papers fast and easily. Most plagiarism checkers compare texts to the available web pages, and already-uploaded texts (most teachers require all their students to use such online services). After that, plagiarism checkers provide users with an analysis of the content, taking into account the percentage of text that has been found in other sources. Such a method includes many drawbacks. For example, students may use quotes from various sources. Even if all the citations are written according to necessary standards, plagiarism checkers will flag these elements as plagiarized. Thus, if students have analytical papers assigned, and their works include many quotes from Shakespeare or Dickens, they can be accused of plagiarizing the content, even if they followed all the quotation rules. Another common problem related to the use of online plagiarism detectors is that many students use some common, trivial phrases, such as its easier said than done, in the heat of the moment, and so on. Of course, good academic writing implies avoiding such constructions, but the use of common phrases itself isnt plagiarizing. At the same time, some students just change the wording without changing the content, and their texts may pass plagiarism check because such algorithms are unable to detect paraphrasing. Computers are able to consider words and phrases, but not the meaning of the text. Plagiarism software also has its ethical side. Professors rely on online checkers instead of doing their job and checking all papers manually. Some students may not understand the concept of plagiarism. For example, why citing their textbook is considered plagiarism, while quotes from Shakespeare are not. Students from some foreign countries may even consider citing their professor as a form of respect. Thats why telling students what exactly is considered plagiarism, and providing them with examples is necessary. Professors have to create an environment that will motivate students to avoid plagiarism. They have to spend more time with students, helping them with assignments and learning each students writing style. Understanding capabilities of each student, teachers will be able to easily understand whether or not their content was plagiarized. Professors also have to figure out why certain texts are flagged as plagiarism and check if citations are written properly. Usually, common assignments produce more positive results, because students use citations from reliable sources and familiar ideas. Unique assignments are much more difficult for students because they are not sure where to find the information. Their citations may be formatted incorrect, which in turn, will cause a bad originality percentage for such a work. Finally, another problem with plagiarism checkers is that they add certain tension between students and professors, minimizing the trust. When students hear long speeches about how their papers will be checked for plagiarism, it doesnt motivate them to follow the honor code. In our opinion, professors must remember that policing their students isnt their main goal. Plagiarism checkers do their job, but they cannot solve such real problems as weak students skills and drawbacks of the educational system.

Are people born Gay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Are people born Gay - Essay Example My thesis statement is that, people are born gay and cannot change their sexual orientation. This essay will focus on this debate and the views of different writers for, or against this view. Approximately 2-5% of men are gay, and the statistics for women is half that of men. (Rahman & Wilson, 2003). The disparity here is explained by the fact that women are influenced by their culture as well as situations, unlike men. Nathaniel Lehrman (2005) stated that even after years of study, there is no evidence of a gay gene. The votes to normalize homosexuality seem to suggest that it is an inborn trait, but to him, this vote is political and not scientific. It is in the late 1970s that the term orientation began to be used in place of the word preference. This change he states has led many people to think that homosexuality is innate. The author sites examples of people who were previously engaged in gay relationships but had since stopped and are in stable relationships with the people of the opposite sex. Another explanation that he gives for his stand is that there is no clear description of what being gay is. Having attractions to the people of the same gender as you does not mean that you are gay. He uses this disparity to justify his belief that no one is born a homosexual. Nathaniel argues that the tests that claim that there is DNA proof to show that there are gay genes falls short of significance. The fact that there is no clear evidence pointing to the possibility of gay genes makes it hard to prove the same. According to research, some children who face maltreatment while younger become gay when they become adults. (Roberts & Koenen, 2013). Factors such as having a drunkard parent, parental mental illness and presence of a step-parent affect a child’s sexual orientation once they grow into adulthood. This study goes to show that there are other factors that may lead to one becoming gay, but the

Analyses of characteristics of bread made from chestnut flour using Assignment

Analyses of characteristics of bread made from chestnut flour using standard method - Assignment Example It is also seen that addition of chestnut flour helps in increasing sugar content therefore bread prepared from combination of chestnut flour and whole meal flour had more sugar content than whole meal flour bread. Results of odor test, taste test, smell test, triangle test and hedonic test establishes that bread prepared from combination of the healthier gluten-free chest-nut flour and gluten added whole meal flour or rice flour were better alternatives than breads baked solely by using 100% flour of any kind. Thus, combination of flours helps in making bread with enhanced characteristics in appearance taste, smell and health. Bread forms an integral part of our everyday diet. The choice of bread that is made has an impact on the consumer’s health. History of bread baking goes back almost 30,000 years. At first man was not familiar with the leavening process and produced flat bread. However along with passage of time leavening agents were discovered which helped the rising of the bread. The most common leavening agent was yeast. Using of leavening agent made the bread softer and enhanced sensory properties and therefore the use of leavening agents is widely used today (Yeh et al, 2009).Thus now when one thinks of bread, automatically one imagines a spongy, well risen loaf. The key element responsible for the sponginess of texture and the rising of the bread is gluten, a protein. Gluten is also the structure binding agent that helps the baked bread acquire higher volume (Anton & Artifield, 2008). There exist a wide number of flours that includes gluten in them. However, research has shown that this seemingly essential component of bread has adverse health impacts on human health. It affects different systems of the body including the hormonal, neurological, and digestive and the immune system and causes a number of problems. Some people have developed allergy